Nanotechnology is poised to change the way we perceive and practice science. Nanomaterials are those that possess at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers (nm). The science of nanotechnology revolves around the ability to develop, control, and utilize the unique chemical, physical, and electrical properties of tiny, human-made particles. A biomaterial is a natural or artificially produced material that is wholly or partially derived from a living structure or a biomedical device that performs, complements, or replaces a natural function. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) falls under the category of calcium phosphate-based ceramics and has been widely used for the replacement and augmentation of bone tissue. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the combustion synthesis route for hydroxyapatite synthesis and the various characterization methods to decipher the size range, functional groups, and crystallinity of the product. A preliminary study on the applicability of HAp as an adsorbent in TLC is also reported.